Kebebasan Manusia dalam Takdir Tuhan: Komparasi Paham Qadariyah Dan Calvinisme serta Implikasinya dalam Historisitas
Keywords:
Kebebasan Manusia, Takdir Tuhan, Qadariyah, Calvinisme, Historisitas
Abstract
Penelitian ini membahas konsep kebebasan manusia dalam kerangka takdir Tuhan melalui komparasi paham Qadariyah dalam tradisi Islam dan Calvinisme dalam tradisi Kristen Reformasi. Permasalahan pokoknya adalah bagaimana kedua aliran teologis tersebut memandang kebebasan manusia, kedaulatan Tuhan, dan tanggung jawab moral individu, serta perbedaan implikasinya dalam konteks historis. Urgensi penelitian ini terletak pada pentingnya memahami perbedaan kerangka teologis tersebut yang memengaruhi pemahaman etika dan tanggung jawab moral dalam tradisi keagamaan, sehingga kajian komparatif atas kedua pandangan ini menjadi penting. Metode penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi pustaka. Data diperoleh dari literatur klasik dan kontemporer tentang doktrin Qadariyah, Calvinisme, dan konsep takdir. Analisis komparatif dilakukan dengan menelaah teks-teks utama dan konteks historis perkembangan kedua paham. Hasil utama menunjukkan bahwa Qadariyah menegaskan kebebasan penuh manusia dalam memilih perbuatan dan menanggung konsekuensi moralnya, sedangkan Calvinisme menekankan kedaulatan mutlak Tuhan melalui doktrin predestinasi ganda. Meskipun terdapat perbedaan prinsip, keduanya sama-sama berupaya menjelaskan keadilan Tuhan terkait keberadaan dosa dan tujuan moral manusia. Implikasi historis temuan ini tercermin dari bagaimana Qadariyah membentuk diskursus teologis awal dalam Islam dan Calvinisme mempengaruhi pandangan Reformasi Protestan tentang keselamatan dan etika sosial. Studi ini menambah wawasan tentang hubungan kebebasan dan takdir dengan pendekatan lintas-tradisi, serta pengaruh keduanya terhadap perkembangan pemikiran teologi dan praktik sosial di masing-masing konteks sejarah.
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Mahmud, A. A.-H. (1995). Falsafah al-Tafkir fi al-Islam. Maktabah al-Anglo.
Marshall, P. (2010). John Calvin and the English Catholic, c. 1565–1640. The Historical Journal, 53(4), 849–870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X10000488
Muhammad, A., & Mohyuddin, Z. (2021). The Development Of Qadariyya And Jabariyya Schools Of Thought And The Issue Of Heresy And Heretics During The Umayyad Period (661-750 Ce). Journal Of The Pakistan Historical Society, 63(3).
Nafsiyah, H., & Khamami, A. R. (2022). Analysıs Of The Doctrınes Of The Qodarıyah Sect And The Doctrıne Of Free Wıll From The Perspectıve Of Islamıc Theology. International Conference on Islam, Law, and Society (INCOILS, 1–6.
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Rodiya, Y., Salimi, M., & Maulana, M. A. (2021). Konsep Kebajikan dan Perilaku Manusia dalam Dua Mazhab Teologi Islam. An-Nufus, 3(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.32534/annufus.v3i1.2858
Sabitovich, A. S. (2024). The Concept Of Destiny and its Relationship with Human Will and Freedom. Jurnal ISO: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Humaniora, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.53697/iso.v4i2.2169
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Sidik. (2018). Refleksi Paham Jabariyah dan Qadariyah. Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin Dan Filsafat, 12(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v12i2.85
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Sun, Y. (2024). Recontextualizing Max Weber’s Ideal Type. Innovation in the Social Sciences, 2(2), 194–234. https://doi.org/10.1163/27730611-bja10021
Supriadi, M. N. (2020). Implikasi The Five Point Of Calvinism (Tulip) Dalam Penginjilan Dan Implementasinya Bagi Cosmic Mission. SESAWI: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen, 1(2), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.53687/sjtpk.v1i2.9
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Ummah, S. C. (2017). Melacak Etika Protestan dalam Masyarakat Muslim Indonesia. HUMANIKA, 17(2), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v17i1.18565
Weber, M. (1992). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (T. Parsons, trans.). In Religion, Postcolonialism, and Globalization A Sourcebook. Routledge.
Winarjo, H. (2023). John Calvin tentang Kerja dan Relevansinya dengan Pekerja Kristen Kontemporer di Indonesia. Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat, 10(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v10i1.374
Al-Abbadi, A. M. (n.d.). Fi al-Tarikh al-Abbasi wa al-Fatimiyah. Dar al-Nahdah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Al-Maududi, A. A. (1993). Al-Khilafah wa al-Mulk (M. Al-Baqir (trans.)). Mizan.
Alesa, M. (2017). The Position of the Abbasid from Umayyad Opposition. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 7 (2017): 45-48., 7, 45–48. https://core.ac.uk/reader/234675870
Alpak, M. A. (2023). Hilafetin Emevîler’den Abbasîler’e Geçişi ve Abbasî İhtilali Sürecinde Yaşananlara Taberî’nin Yaklaşımı. TSBS Bildiriler Dergisi, 3. https://doi.org/10.55709/TSBSBildirilerDergisi.432
Amin, A. (1965). Fajr al-Islam. al-Nahdah.
Arsita, W., Roza, E., & Nopel, P. (2024). Absolutism of The Caliphate During the Abbasid Dynasty. Education Achievement: Journal of Science and Research, 232–242. https://doi.org/10.51178/jsr.v5i2.1835
Asy-Syahrastani. (n.d.). Al-Milal wa Nihal (A. Syukur (trans.)). Bina Ilmu.
Calvin, J. (1559). Institutio Christianae Religionis. Genevae: Oliua Roberti Stephani.
Crone, P. (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press.
El Khayat, M. H. M., Al-Shafi’i, M. M. O., & Islam, M. H. (2021). The Position of Islamic Missionary on The Mechanisms of Despotism in The Emergence of The Islamic Nation. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i2/8665
El Khayat, M. H. M., Ibrahim, A. Q. Bin, & Abu Mansor, N. S. B. (2022). Theory of Divine Right and its Role in the Industry of Tyranny and the Position of the Islamic Dawah to it. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v12-i12/15972
Ergi, O. A. (2023). Predestination & Free Will: A Comparative Theological Study. Blue Dome Press.
Ess, J. Van. (2001). Political Ideas in Early Islamic Religious Thought. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 2, 158.
Finnegan, D. A. (2021). Science, metaphysics and Calvinism: The God of James Croll. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691021000190
Giddens, A. (1973). Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/2800635
Gorski, P. S. (2003). The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe. University of Chicago Press.
Hairan, E., & Maesaroh, L. (2024). Menyingkap Perdebatan Qadariyah dan Jabariyah: Antara Kehendak Bebas dan Takdir Illahi. EDU-RILIGIA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Islam Dan Keagamaan, 8(3), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.47006/er.v8i3.20742
Harianto, B. (2016). Tawaran Metodologi Fazlur Rahman dalam Teologi Islam. Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.21274/kontem.2016.4.2.277-298
Hesselink, J. (2013). Sovereign Grace and Human Freedom. Nederduitse Gereformeerde Teologiese Tydskrif, 53(3–4), 136. https://doi.org/10.5952/53-3-4-256
Howe, D. W. (1972). The Decline of Calvinism: An Approach to Its Study. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14(3), 306–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500006708
Izzuddin. (2009). Fase Kemunduran Dinasti Umayyah. Jurnal Darussalam, 8(1).
Jabir, M. (2007). Dinasti Bani Umayyah di Suriah. HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 4(3). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v4i3.220.271-280
Jung, E., & Michałowska, and M. (2023). Richard Kilvington Talks to Thomas Bradwardine about Future Contingents, Free Will, and Predestination. In Richard Kilvington Talks to Thomas Bradwardine about Future Contingents, Free Will, and Predestination. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004527737
Katsir, I. (2003). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah (A. Al-Turhi (trans.)). Dar Hajar.
Mahmud, A. A.-H. (1995). Falsafah al-Tafkir fi al-Islam. Maktabah al-Anglo.
Marshall, P. (2010). John Calvin and the English Catholic, c. 1565–1640. The Historical Journal, 53(4), 849–870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X10000488
Muhammad, A., & Mohyuddin, Z. (2021). The Development Of Qadariyya And Jabariyya Schools Of Thought And The Issue Of Heresy And Heretics During The Umayyad Period (661-750 Ce). Journal Of The Pakistan Historical Society, 63(3).
Nafsiyah, H., & Khamami, A. R. (2022). Analysıs Of The Doctrınes Of The Qodarıyah Sect And The Doctrıne Of Free Wıll From The Perspectıve Of Islamıc Theology. International Conference on Islam, Law, and Society (INCOILS, 1–6.
Nasution, H. (2008). Teologi Islam: Aliran-Aliran Sejarah Analisa Perbandingan. UI-Press.
Netton, I. R. (2017). Theology and Christian–Muslim relations. In Routledge Handbook on Christian-Muslim Relations. Routledge.
Pasang, A. (2022). Predestinasi Menurut John Calvin. Jurnal Missio Cristo, 2(1), 74–86. https://doi.org/10.58456/jmc.v2i1.5
Piper, J. (2013). Five Points: Towards a Deeper Experience of God’s Grace. Christian Focus Publications Ltd.
Rahadian, S., & Fallderama, F. (2020). Sikap Kritis terhadap Kekuasaan dalam Tradisi Calvinist: Sebuah Kajian Historis-Teologis Tentang Kekritisan Gereja terhadap Pemerintah untuk Mewujudkan Regnum Christi. Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat, 7(2), 219–244. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v7i2.173
Ramadhani, H. (2022). Qadariyah Dan Jabariyah: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya. EDU-RILIGIA: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Islam Dan Keagamaan, 4(3). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.47006/er.v4i3.12887
Ramos, J. A. (2018). Destino , Liberdade e Aporia. Lusitania Sacra, 37, 15–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34632/lusitaniasacra.2018.5336
Rodiya, Y., Salimi, M., & Maulana, M. A. (2021). Konsep Kebajikan dan Perilaku Manusia dalam Dua Mazhab Teologi Islam. An-Nufus, 3(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.32534/annufus.v3i1.2858
Sabitovich, A. S. (2024). The Concept Of Destiny and its Relationship with Human Will and Freedom. Jurnal ISO: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Humaniora, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.53697/iso.v4i2.2169
Saputra, H., Amri, M., & Santalia, I. (2022). Pemikiran Jabariyah, Qadariyah, dan Asy’ariyah. Mushaf Journal: Jurnal Ilmu Al Quran Dan Hadis, 2(3), 310–323. https://doi.org/10.54443/mushaf.v2i3.77
Sari, K. W., Hasanah, U., & Fitria. (2023). Opposition Movement Against the Umayyad Dynasty’s Rule (661-750). El Tarikh : Journal of History, Culture and Islamic Civilization, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.24042/jhcc.v1i1.10688
Sidik. (2018). Refleksi Paham Jabariyah dan Qadariyah. Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin Dan Filsafat, 12(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v12i2.85
Subekti, F. R. (2024). Komparasi Pemikiran Aqidah Al-Asy’arī dan Ibnu Taimiyah Serta Relevansinya dengan Moderasi Beragama di Indonesia. Journal of Mandalika Literature, 4(5). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.36312/jml.v5i4.3584.
Suhaimi, S. (2019). Integrasi Aliran Pemikiran Keislaman: Pemikiran Qadariyah dan Jabariyah yang Bersandar Dibalik Legitimasi Al-Qur’an. El-Furqania : Jurnal Ushuluddin Dan Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman, 4(02), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.54625/elfurqania.v4i02.3296
Sun, Y. (2024). Recontextualizing Max Weber’s Ideal Type. Innovation in the Social Sciences, 2(2), 194–234. https://doi.org/10.1163/27730611-bja10021
Supriadi, M. N. (2020). Implikasi The Five Point Of Calvinism (Tulip) Dalam Penginjilan Dan Implementasinya Bagi Cosmic Mission. SESAWI: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen, 1(2), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.53687/sjtpk.v1i2.9
Tawney, R. H. (1926). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Harcourt Brace.
Ummah, S. C. (2017). Melacak Etika Protestan dalam Masyarakat Muslim Indonesia. HUMANIKA, 17(2), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.21831/hum.v17i1.18565
Weber, M. (1992). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (T. Parsons, trans.). In Religion, Postcolonialism, and Globalization A Sourcebook. Routledge.
Winarjo, H. (2023). John Calvin tentang Kerja dan Relevansinya dengan Pekerja Kristen Kontemporer di Indonesia. Societas Dei: Jurnal Agama Dan Masyarakat, 10(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.33550/sd.v10i1.374
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